-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 5
气压基准与 TL/TA/TH 高度表拨正 #36
New issue
Have a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community.
By clicking “Sign up for GitHub”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement. We’ll occasionally send you account related emails.
Already on GitHub? Sign in to your account
Merged
Merged
Changes from all commits
Commits
Show all changes
5 commits
Select commit
Hold shift + click to select a range
File filter
Filter by extension
Conversations
Failed to load comments.
Loading
Jump to
Jump to file
Failed to load files.
Loading
Diff view
Diff view
There are no files selected for viewing
This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters.
Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters
| Original file line number | Diff line number | Diff line change |
|---|---|---|
| @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ | ||
| # 气压基准与 TL/TA/TH 高度表拨正 | ||
|
|
||
| Pressure Datums and TL/TA/TH Altimeter Setting | ||
|
|
||
| ## 一、修正海压、场面气压、标准气压的核心概念 | ||
|
|
||
| ### (一)修正海压(QNH) | ||
|
|
||
| 简称:修压 | ||
|
|
||
| 定义:修正海压(QNH)是指将机场场面观测到的气压值,按照国际标准大气条件修正至平均海平面的气压值。航空器使用修正海压(QNH)拨正高度表后,高度表指示值为航空器相对于平均海平面的海拔高度。 | ||
|
|
||
| >例如:航空器停放在标高 1000 米的机场跑道时,以修正海压(QNH)拨正高度表,其指示值应为 1000 米。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (二)场面气压(QFE) | ||
|
|
||
| 简称:场压 | ||
|
|
||
| 定义:场面气压(QFE)场压是指机场跑道平面(或指定场面基准点)的实际大气压力值,直接反映机场地面实时气压状态。航空器使用场面气压(QFE)拨正高度表后,高度表指示值为航空器相对于机场场面基准点的垂直高度。 | ||
|
|
||
| >例如:航空器停放在跑道上时,以场面气压(QFE)拨正高度表,其指示值应为 0 米。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (三) 标准气压(QNE) | ||
|
|
||
| 简称:标压 | ||
|
|
||
| 定义:标准气压(QNE)是国际统一规定的标准大气压力,数值为 1013.2 百帕(或 760 毫米汞柱),不随机场地理位置、气象条件变化而改变。航空器使用标准气压(QNE)拨正高度表后,高度表指示值为相对于标准气压基准面的 “气压高度”(即飞行高度层),用于统一高空飞行的垂直基准,避免因区域气压差异导致的垂直间隔冲突。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (四)假定零点高度(拓展) | ||
|
|
||
| 假定零点高度是指以机场场面(或指定基准点)为假定零点,航空器相对于该假定零点的垂直高度,其对应的气压拨正仍以修正海压(QNH)为依据,仅高度指示基准调整为机场地面。假定零点高度主要用于高海拔机场,当**机场标高过高导致气压高度表无法调整至场面气压(QFE)数值时**,通过该高度指示方式,便于飞行员直观判断航空器与地面的垂直距离,保障低空运行及着陆安全。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ## 二、过渡高度、过渡高、过渡高度层的核心概念 | ||
|
|
||
| ### (一)过渡高度(TA|Transition altitude) | ||
|
|
||
| 指一个特定的修正海平面气压高度,在该高度或以下,航空器的垂直位置由海拔基准来控制。 | ||
|
|
||
| >机场离场爬升初期与进场下降后期在此高度以下使用修正海压(QNH) | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (二)过渡高(TH|Transition height) | ||
|
|
||
| 指一个特定的场面气压高,在该高及其以下,航空器的垂直位置按场面气压高表示。 | ||
|
|
||
| >在特定机场、机场地面运行或超低空进近在此高度以下使用场面气压(QFE) | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (三)过渡高度层(TL|Transition level) | ||
|
|
||
| 指为有关机场规定的过渡高或者过渡高度以上可用的最低飞行高度层。 | ||
| 过渡高(TH)/过渡高度(TA)与过渡高度层(TL)之间的空域为过渡夹层,该空域为航空器高度基准转换的专属穿越空域, | ||
| **管制员不得为航空器分配过渡夹层内的任何高度**,航空器仅可在完成高度表拨正转换程序过程中短暂穿越该空 域,严禁在其中进行长时间飞行。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
supermastergui marked this conversation as resolved.
Show resolved
Hide resolved
|
||
|
|
||
| ## 三、高度表拨正程序 | ||
|
|
||
| ### (一)地面及爬升阶段 | ||
|
|
||
| 航空器起飞前,应当将机场修正海压(QNH)的数值对正航空器上气压高度表的固定指标;航空器起飞后,上升到过渡高度时,应当将修正海压(QNH)更改为标准气压(QNE) | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (二) 下降阶段 | ||
|
|
||
| 当航空器在下降过程中穿越过渡高度层时,应当将标准气压(QNE)更改为修正海压(QNH)或场面气压(QFE)。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ### (三) 特殊情况 | ||
|
|
||
| 部分终端区内的多机场气象观测站同时运行,并发送气象报文时。以上海进近管制区为例,其气压基准使用规则规定如下: | ||
|
|
||
| > 在上海虹桥国际机场(ZSSS)/ 上海浦东国际机场(ZSPD)起降的航空器,应遵守以下要求: | ||
| > | ||
| > > 1. 高度 900 米以上至TA:采用上海浦东国际机场的修正海平面气压(ZSPD QNH); | ||
| > > 2. 高度 900 米及以下:采用起降机场对应的修正海平面气压; | ||
| > > 3. 过渡高度(TA)以上:按常规程序执行操作。 | ||
|
|
||
| 原文为: | ||
| Aircraft taking-off or landing in ZSSS/ZSPD shall follow the rules: 1. above 900m: use ZSPD QNH; 2. at 900m or below: use QNH of the taking-off or landing aerodrome. 3. above TA: do as usual. | ||
|
|
||
| 具体运行标准以相关机场细则(AD)的规定为准。 | ||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ## 四、总结 | ||
|
|
||
| 上述所有情况可用下述表格概括。 | ||
|
|
||
| | 飞行阶段 | 对应高度范围 | 适用气压基准 | 高度指示类型 | | ||
| |-------------------|-------------|--------|---------------| | ||
| | 机场离场爬升初期 / 进场下降后期 | 过渡高度(TA)以下 | QNH | 海拔高度 | | ||
| | 机场地面运行 / 超低空进近 | 过渡高(TH)以下 | QFE | 相对于场面基准点的垂直高度 | | ||
| | 高空巡航 | 过渡高度层(TL)以上 | QNE | 标准气压高度(飞行高度层) | | ||
|
|
||
supermastergui marked this conversation as resolved.
Show resolved
Hide resolved
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
| ## 参考文献 | ||
|
|
||
| [1][民用航空空中交通管理规则.中国民用航空局.CCAR-93TM-R6](https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/MHGZ/202303/P020250811508100344431.pdf) | ||
|
|
||
| [2][航空器运行-飞行程序.中国民用航空局.AC-91-QS-027R1](https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/GFXWJ/202501/P020250211487475129128.pdf) | ||
|
|
||
| [3][航空器运行-航空器操作程序.中国民用航空局.AC-91-FS-041](https://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/GFXWJ/202502/P020250207537764373399.pdf) | ||
Oops, something went wrong.
Add this suggestion to a batch that can be applied as a single commit.
This suggestion is invalid because no changes were made to the code.
Suggestions cannot be applied while the pull request is closed.
Suggestions cannot be applied while viewing a subset of changes.
Only one suggestion per line can be applied in a batch.
Add this suggestion to a batch that can be applied as a single commit.
Applying suggestions on deleted lines is not supported.
You must change the existing code in this line in order to create a valid suggestion.
Outdated suggestions cannot be applied.
This suggestion has been applied or marked resolved.
Suggestions cannot be applied from pending reviews.
Suggestions cannot be applied on multi-line comments.
Suggestions cannot be applied while the pull request is queued to merge.
Suggestion cannot be applied right now. Please check back later.
There was a problem hiding this comment.
Choose a reason for hiding this comment
The reason will be displayed to describe this comment to others. Learn more.
在这个前面最好有一幅图,来进一步解释什么时候用一下的东西